Featured Post: Coming out in the LDS Church

X

Tuesday, February 17, 2026

The Ethics of Entropy

 



The Fall

The Eden narrative has traditionally been read as a moral drama, a story of transgression followed by punishment. Yet there is another way to interpret the rupture that does not rely on divine anger or celestial retribution. The most striking distinction between Eden and the fallen world is not ethical but structural. Eden functions as an eternally self-sustaining system. No death, no decay, no scarcity, no breakdown. Every condition necessary for continuation is internally maintained. Nothing leaks. Nothing collapses.

The fallen world, by contrast, is defined by entropy. Stability no longer exists as a default condition. Persistence now requires work, effort, continual reinvestment of energy. Survival becomes labor. Order must be actively produced rather than passively enjoyed. The curse issued by God, when viewed through this lens, reads less like punishment and more like description. Sweat, toil, resistance, decay. These are not inflicted torments. They are the natural consequences of a system no longer operating in perfect equilibrium. Eden represents closed-loop sustainability. The Fall represents the opening of the system.

And once opened, entropy enters without hesitation.


The Fallen World

Entropy does not creep in politely. It takes hold immediately. The language of the curse makes this unmistakable. Labor replaces ease. Mortality replaces perpetuity. Resistance replaces effortless continuity. Yet nothing in the narrative strictly requires the interpretation of malice. God is not necessarily imposing suffering. He is articulating the new natural order produced by the altered conditions of existence.

A world governed by entropy behaves differently. Decay expresses itself both instantly and progressively. Adam falls, yet lives for centuries. Later patriarchs reach extraordinary ages, still bearing children well beyond what modern biology permits. Over millennia, lifespans contract. Fragility increases. Stability demands ever greater intervention. What begins as a subtle drift eventually becomes the dominant pattern of existence. Disorder compounds.

Under this interpretation, history itself becomes an entropic trajectory. Humanity does not plunge from perfection into immediate ruin. It descends gradually. Systems weaken. Structures strain. Biological limits tighten. Armageddon, then, need not be framed as catastrophic punishment. It can be understood as terminal instability, the point at which accumulated entropy renders the system unsustainable without intervention.

Not wrath, but system failure. Divine action becomes less an act of vengeance and more a reset of baseline conditions.


Sin

Within an entropic framework, morality undergoes a quiet but profound transformation. Goodness is no longer reducible to compliance with arbitrary preference. Instead, morality concerns the preservation or destabilization of systems. Virtue sustains coherence. Sin accelerates decay.

Consider murder. Beyond its immediate violence, it corrodes trust, destabilizes cooperation, injects fear into the social fabric. Theft undermines security, erodes predictability, weakens reciprocal exchange. Greed concentrates resources, generating imbalance and systemic strain. Unrestrained lust fractures bonds, destabilizes kinship structures, disrupts long-term stability. Each of these behaviors introduces disorder.

By contrast, honesty stabilizes expectation. Charity reinforces cohesion. Forgiveness interrupts cycles of retaliatory destruction. These are not merely sentimental virtues. They are negentropic forces. They preserve relational structures upon which complex societies depend.

This pattern is neither modern nor accidental. Ancient legal systems, including those of the Israelites, reveal a pragmatic architecture of survival. Prohibitions that now appear strange often served critical stabilizing functions within specific environmental and cultural conditions. Dietary laws mitigated disease risk. Sexual norms preserved lineage clarity. Truthfulness safeguarded trust networks. Oaths anchored social contracts.

What appears archaic through contemporary eyes often reflects adaptive strategies within earlier systemic constraints. Morality, in this sense, becomes deeply functional. Not preference. Just preservation.


Context-Dependent Objectivity

Such a framework produces a curious ethical landscape. Morality is not purely relative, yet neither is it static. It is objective within context. Certain behaviors reliably sustain systems under given conditions, while others predictably undermine them. The standards are real, but the environment shifts.

A twelfth-century Inuit hunter navigating the brutal arithmetic of arctic survival inhabits a moral terrain radically different from that of a modern urban citizen. Resource scarcity, environmental hostility, and social structure impose distinct stability requirements. Behaviors necessary for survival in one context may be maladaptive or destructive in another. The objectivity lies not in fixed rules but in systemic consequences.

What sustains coherence here and now? Ethical truth becomes dynamic without dissolving into subjectivism. Stability functions as the anchor. Context determines expression.



Love

Within a world of staggering complexity, moral clarity often feels elusive. Societies evolve, conditions shift, and the consequences of human behavior ripple outward in ways no individual can fully predict. Determining which actions will reinforce societal cohesion and which will contribute to fragmentation is rarely simple. Systems are intricate. Outcomes are delayed. Stability is influenced by variables beyond immediate perception. Yet practical navigation does not require omniscience.


Even in the absence of perfect foresight, human beings possess a remarkably reliable heuristic. Across cultures, eras, and social structures, certain patterns consistently correlate with stability, cooperation, and long-term cohesion. As a general rule, behaviors that engender love, trust, mutual respect, and what religious traditions describe as the Fruits of the Spirit tend to reinforce the relational bonds upon which sustainable societies depend. These are not merely sentimental ideals. They are structural stabilizers.


Where trust flourishes, coordination becomes possible. Where respect governs interaction, conflict becomes containable. Where goodwill shapes intention, reciprocity becomes self-reinforcing. The moral vocabulary of virtue traditions, ancient and modern alike, repeatedly converges upon this insight. Human systems endure not merely through rules, but through relationships.


Aristotle captured this elegantly when he observed that friends have no need of justice. The claim is neither naive nor utopian. It reflects a deeper truth about moral architecture. Justice functions as a corrective mechanism within conditions of mistrust, conflict, and competing interests. Friendship, by contrast, reduces the need for correction by aligning motivations at their source.


When genuine goodwill exists, just behavior emerges less from obligation and more from inclination. Love, then, becomes more than emotion. It becomes a practical instrument of stability.


In a universe governed by entropy, cohesion is never accidental. It is cultivated, sustained, and preserved through patterns of conduct that bind rather than fracture. Where uncertainty clouds prediction, love functions not as moral decoration, but as a rational guide. Not perfect, but reliably negentropic.




The Architecture of Cohesion

When viewed through an entropic lens, moral behavior ceases to appear as a collection of isolated prohibitions and instead reveals itself as a structural necessity. Actions traditionally categorized as immoral consistently share a destabilizing quality. They introduce friction, generate distrust, and weaken the relational scaffolding upon which social systems depend.

Murder, at its most fundamental level, represents the catastrophic rupture of trust. It signals that cooperation is unsafe, that proximity carries existential risk. Fear replaces predictability. Suspicion displaces openness. The damage extends far beyond the immediate victim, rippling outward through families, communities, and institutions. Violence is not merely destructive because it harms individuals. It is destructive because it corrodes the conditions required for stable collective existence.

Theft operates similarly, though often with quieter effects. Systems of exchange, property, and mutual reliance depend upon confidence in continuity. When resources can be unpredictably seized, stability erodes. Energy diverts from creation toward protection. Cooperation becomes guarded. Social friction increases. What appears as an individual act of acquisition becomes, at scale, a persistent leak of systemic order.

Even behaviors often framed primarily in private or personal terms, such as unrestrained lust, reveal broader structural implications. Human societies rely heavily upon durable bonds, predictable commitments, and the stability of relational networks. Patterns of deception, betrayal, or exploitation destabilize not merely individual relationships but the larger webs of trust connecting families and communities. Emotional volatility becomes social volatility. Entropy expresses itself relationally.

By contrast, virtues traditionally celebrated across cultures display a remarkably consistent stabilizing influence. Love, in its practical form, reduces hostility and increases cooperative inclination. Charity mitigates imbalance, relieving systemic strain. Forgiveness interrupts cycles of retaliation that would otherwise amplify conflict and accelerate breakdown. These are not moral ornaments. They are cohesion mechanisms.

Where goodwill governs interaction, defensive behaviors diminish. Where generosity tempers competition, resentment softens. Where forgiveness replaces vengeance, escalation halts. Each of these patterns contributes to the preservation of relational stability, allowing complex social systems to persist with reduced friction.

Within this framework, morality reveals itself as deeply architectural. Human societies are not held together solely by laws, enforcement, or external constraint. They are stabilized by the internal dispositions of their participants. Virtue becomes the cultivation of behaviors that reinforce systemic coherence. Sin becomes the adoption of patterns that quietly or violently undermine it. The distinction is not arbitrary. It is structural.

Across centuries and civilizations, this dynamic repeats with relentless consistency. Societies capable of sustaining trust, cooperation, and mutual restraint tend toward durability. Those consumed by exploitation, violence, and chronic distrust drift toward fragmentation. Not because morality is imposed, but because stability has requirements.



Return to Theology

The ethical framework developed here is not inherently religious. Nothing within its structure requires appeal to revelation, divine command, or theological authority. The language of entropy, stability, and systemic sustainability is equally at home in secular philosophy, political theory, sociology, and systems science. One may accept the functional logic of cohesion and decay without invoking heaven, God, or scripture. 

Yet ideas rarely emerge in sterile isolation. This framework is presented within a Christian context not because it depends upon Christianity, but because Christianity provided the symbolic architecture through which it was first conceived. Religious narratives have long served as repositories for humanity’s deepest intuitions about order, chaos, transformation, and destiny. Within that tradition, this interpretation of morality reveals a striking coherence. What theology describes in moral and spiritual language may also be understood in structural terms.

A question immediately presents itself.

If the biblical narrative already discloses the conclusion, if Armageddon stands as the inevitable terminus of history, if entropy ultimately overwhelms the sustainability of mortal systems, then what purpose does moral striving serve? Why participate in an ethical project destined, at the civilizational level, to fail?

From within the Christian worldview, the answer is both simple and profound. The purpose of morality is not the construction of an eternally sustained society in this life. It is the preparation of beings fit for one beyond it.

Mortality is not framed as culmination, but formation. History is not solely a cultural drama, but an individual proving ground. Ethical life becomes less an attempt to permanently defeat entropy within a fallen world and more a process of transformation through which persons are refined. The central concern shifts from societal perpetuity to personal alignment.

Who must one become to participate in a perfected order?

Under this interpretation, the theological claim that we cannot be saved in our sins acquires structural clarity. Salvation is not withheld as punishment, nor granted as arbitrary favor. A perfectly stable order cannot indefinitely incorporate agents whose dispositions generate instability. Patterns of deception, exploitation, cruelty, and domination do not merely violate rules. They function as entropy-producing behaviors incompatible with perpetual coherence. Repentance, then, is not juridical bookkeeping. It is reconfiguration.

The scriptural paradox articulated in Jeremiah reflects this logic with unsettling precision. A wicked man who repents before death is saved, while a righteous man who turns toward wickedness forfeits the standing of prior virtue. The evaluation is not anchored in cumulative moral accounting, but in present structural alignment. Stability concerns configuration, not historical averages. One is not admitted into eternity based upon what one once was. But upon what one has become.

Repentance functions as the mechanism of transformation through which entropy-producing patterns are gradually relinquished. It represents not mere regret, but ontological adjustment. To repent is to alter the behavioral and dispositional structures through which one participates in reality. The emphasis shifts from guilt to compatibility, from condemnation to coherence. Within such a system, even divine exclusion ceases to appear as cruelty. A good God must preserve the stability of heaven.

The refusal of entry is not necessarily moral rejection. It may instead reflect structural necessity. An eternal order defined by perfect cohesion cannot risk the introduction of persistent destabilizing forces. The theological imagery of angels cast out of heaven embodies this principle at its most dramatic scale. Even celestial beings are not exempt from the requirements of stability. No rank supersedes coherence.

What appears, from one vantage, as judgment may from another be understood as preservation. Heaven is not safeguarded by sentiment, but by the uncompromising logic of order itself. Salvation becomes transformation. Repentance becomes stabilization. And divine separation becomes, however difficult, the price of eternal sustainability.


The Atonement

Before advancing any interpretation, intellectual honesty requires an explicit clarification. What follows is not presented as doctrine, theology, or authoritative religious teaching. It is simply the speculative reflection of a single, imperfect individual attempting to reconcile philosophical intuition with religious narrative. It may be mistaken. It may be incomplete. It is offered only as exploration.

Within the framework developed here, the world is understood as existing along an entropic trajectory. Stability decays. Order requires effort. Structures strain under the persistent pressures of disorder. Biological systems weaken. Social systems fracture. Mortality itself stands as the most visible expression of this universal drift. Left to its own dynamics, entropy does not reverse. It accumulates. A system descending into disorder cannot rescue itself indefinitely.

If existence is fundamentally characterized by decay, then any lasting restoration of stability would require something the system cannot internally generate. It would require an external injection of sustaining force. Not merely additional energy in the ordinary sense, but a form of negentropic influence capable of interrupting the trajectory of collapse itself. Yet this immediately raises a deeper question.

For such an intervention to be efficacious not temporarily but eternally, the sustaining source could not be finite. A finite reserve depletes. A bounded force exhausts. Any restoration grounded in limited resources would merely delay the inevitable return of decay. The corrective influence, if it is to anchor reality beyond entropy, must itself be unbounded. Eternal stability requires an eternal source.

Within a theological vocabulary, this requirement points toward the concept of the divine. Only that which is not subject to decay could indefinitely counteract decay. Only that which is not bound by entropy could serve as its ultimate negation. A being fully immersed within the fallen structure could not supply infinite stabilization, for it would share the same limitations. The corrective principle must stand outside the system it redeems.

Yet religious tradition simultaneously insists upon another constraint. Restoration cannot occur through abstraction alone. Transformation must enter lived reality. Redemption must intersect the human condition rather than hover beyond it. The stabilizing force must be both transcendent and immanent, beyond entropy yet fully participating in the entropic world. 

Here the symbolic logic of the Atonement emerges with striking coherence. Only a God could possess the infinite, unbounded capacity required to ground eternal restoration. Only a being not subject to decay could supply negentropic influence without depletion. Yet only a man could enter fully into mortal existence, experiencing vulnerability, limitation, suffering, and death. Only a human life could be voluntarily laid down within the conditions that define the Fall. Only a piece of Heaven itself could come into the world to save it.

Thus the necessity of Christ. The sinless man. The Son of God.

In this speculative interpretation, Christ represents not merely moral perfection but structural exception. Within a world defined by trajectories of decay, He stands as a singular alignment with the eternal. No entropy of will. No fragmentation of purpose. No deviation toward destabilization. His life embodies coherence unbroken by corruption.

A straight line through a universe of collapse. Where all systems drift, He remains. Where all structures decay, He endures. Where all trajectories descend, He holds a vector untouched by disorder.

The Atonement, then, may be understood as the moment in which infinite, eternal stability intersects an entropic world. Not simply the cancellation of guilt, but the introduction of a sustaining principle capable of altering the destiny of beings otherwise bound to decay. In a reality slowly descending toward dissolution, Christ becomes the axis of reversal. No entropy. No decay. Only eternity.


Philosophical Tensions and Clarifications

No ethical framework survives first contact with criticism without refinement. The present model, grounded in systemic stability and entropic dynamics, invites several substantial objections. These critiques are not weaknesses to evade, but pressures through which conceptual clarity emerges.

Objection 1: Consequentialism Revisited

A natural criticism arises immediately. Does this framework merely redescribe moral consequentialism under new terminology? If goodness is defined by what sustains systems and wrongdoing by what destabilizes them, the theory may appear indistinguishable from utilitarian reasoning. This resemblance is neither accidental nor problematic.

Indeed, the framework aligns in meaningful ways with the utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill, whose formulation extended beyond crude hedonism. Mill’s emphasis on qualitative distinctions among pleasures, particularly those associated with intellectual and moral development, already gestures toward concerns of long-term human flourishing rather than immediate gratification.

The convergence should not surprise. Philosophical traditions frequently orbit similar truths from differing angles. What distinguishes the present framework is not the rejection of utilitarian insight, but its reinterpretation. Stability, rather than pleasure, functions as the primary evaluative anchor. Something may generate intense short-term satisfaction while introducing long-term systemic fragility. Immediate benefit and enduring viability do not necessarily coincide. Short-term pleasure is not equivalent to sustainability. The axis of evaluation shifts from experiential outcome to structural consequence.

Objection 2: Entropy as Analogy

A sharper critique concerns the use of entropy itself. Social systems are not thermodynamic systems. Disorder within physics obeys measurable laws, while societal dynamics operate through complex psychological, cultural, and institutional variables. The invocation of entropy may therefore appear metaphorical rather than explanatory.

This objection is well-founded and must be acknowledged directly. Entropy, in its strict physical sense, is invoked literally only at the cosmological level. The fallen condition of mortality, decay, and death remains a claim situated within theological interpretation. Ethical application, however, relies upon analogy rather than physics. The framework does not assert that societies obey thermodynamic equations, but that patterns of instability exhibit structural parallels: accumulation of disorder, increasing energy demands for maintenance, fragility of complex arrangements, and cascading failure under sufficient strain. The analogy is heuristic rather than literal.

Importantly, this analogical flexibility extends even to the Eden narrative itself. While the framework is articulated through the symbolic language of the Fall, its conceptual structure does not depend upon any specific chronology of creation. Readers need not adopt Young Earth Creationism, nor interpret Genesis as a literal cosmological account, in order to engage the ethical reasoning presented here. The Fall may equally be understood as mythic representation, theological metaphor, or narrative expression of humanity’s transition into conditions characterized by scarcity, mortality, and instability. The philosophical model remains intact across interpretive positions.

Alternative metaphors illustrate the same dynamics. Anti-social behaviors may be understood as pathogens. Like biological disease, destabilizing practices spread, reproduce, and degrade systemic integrity. The comparison is not exact, yet remains illuminating. Analogical reasoning has long served philosophy precisely because structural similarity can generate insight without requiring identity. The metaphor guides interpretation rather than dictates mechanism.

Objection 3: Stability and Oppression

A far more serious concern emerges at the political and ethical level. Appeals to social stability have historically justified oppressive norms, rigid hierarchies, and authoritarian control. If stability functions as the supreme good, does the framework risk legitimizing injustice under the guise of order?

This danger is real and demands careful distinction. Stability must not be confused with rigidity. Systems may appear orderly while harboring profound internal tensions. Suppressed dissent, entrenched inequality, enforced silence, and constrained adaptability generate hidden instabilities that ultimately undermine durability. What masquerades as peace may in fact be deferred collapse.

History offers relentless confirmation. Tyrannies often mistake silence for harmony. Yet regimes built upon coercion display remarkable structural fragility. Resentment accumulates. Trust erodes. Legitimacy deteriorates. Collapse becomes not an anomaly but an inevitability. Tyranny is not eternally sustainable.

The framework therefore concerns dynamic stability rather than static preservation. Enduring systems require adaptability, fairness, resilience, and the capacity to absorb disruption without catastrophic failure.

Objection 4: Beneficial Disruption

Closely related is the challenge of moral progress. Revolutions, reforms, and systemic disruptions frequently generate instability. Yet history also reveals moments in which disruption produces greater long-term coherence. How does the framework distinguish destructive entropy from necessary transformation?

Here scale becomes decisive. Local instability may serve global stabilization. Short-term disorder can interrupt deeper systemic decay. The destabilization of unjust structures may reduce entropy at higher levels of organization. Stability is therefore not measured exclusively by immediate equilibrium, but by long-term structural viability across temporal scales. Entropy and negentropy become scale-sensitive concepts. What destabilizes one layer may preserve another.

Objection 5: Divine Will and Moral Structure

Theological criticism introduces another tension. If morality is framed in mechanical or structural terms, where does divine will reside? Does this interpretation depersonalize ethics, reducing God’s commands to impersonal system dynamics?

This objection arises from a false dichotomy. Mechanical coherence does not imply godlessness. Divine command may reflect the structure of reality rather than arbitrary decree. Under this interpretation, God functions not as rule-inventor but as architect of sustainable order. Moral law becomes descriptive of what preserves eternal coherence rather than prescriptive of preference.

Such a view remains deeply compatible with classical theism. A perfect God would not legislate convenience, but embody alignment with principles of ultimate sustainability.

Objection 6: The Shadow of Nihilism

Finally, an existential challenge looms. If entropy ultimately consumes civilizations, if history terminates in collapse, why invest moral energy at all? Why pursue sustainability within a system destined to fail?

Because the ethical project is formative rather than final. Morality shapes agents, not merely societies. Civilizations may decay, but configuration persists. Ethical life concerns not solely the preservation of present structures, but the transformation of persons. The injunction to be in the world but not of it reflects this orientation. The purpose is not the indefinite maintenance of fallen systems, but preparation for participation in a perfected order beyond entropic limitation. Entropy may consume worlds. But alignment endures.


Conclusion

The framework developed here proposes neither a rejection of traditional morality nor a simple restatement of familiar ethical theories. Instead, it offers a reinterpretation of moral language through the dynamics of stability and decay. Goodness, under this view, aligns with that which sustains coherence. Sin aligns with that which introduces disorder. Virtue becomes participation in negentropic patterns. Moral failure becomes a contribution to destabilization.

The distinction is not sentimental. It is structural.

Across history, human civilizations reveal a persistent truth. Systems endure where trust, restraint, cooperation, and mutual regard are cultivated. They fracture where violence, exploitation, deception, and unrestrained self-interest prevail. Stability is not accidental. Cohesion is not self-generating. Order requires continual reinforcement. Entropy does not rest.

Within such a reality, morality ceases to appear as arbitrary constraint. It emerges instead as the architecture of persistence itself. Ethical principles describe, however imperfectly, the conditions under which beings and societies remain viable. Love stabilizes. Honesty anchors. Charity repairs. Forgiveness interrupts cycles of escalating disorder. These are not merely virtues of character. They are mechanisms of continuity.

The theological dimension of this framework extends the argument beyond civilizational survival. If mortality itself represents entropic existence, then moral life cannot be fully understood as the preservation of fallen systems alone. Ethical development becomes formative rather than final. Repentance becomes reconfiguration. Salvation becomes transformation. The Atonement becomes the introduction of an infinite, sustaining principle capable of grounding stability beyond the limits of finite agency.

Within a universe of drift, alignment becomes destiny. Every action participates in a trajectory. Every disposition shapes configuration. The moral question is neither solely personal nor purely societal. It is ontological.

What patterns of order or disorder do we embody? What forms of stability or instability do we cultivate? What kind of being is gradually emerging through the arithmetic of choice?

Monday, April 1, 2013

The Argument from Divine Hiddenness: Why It’s a Knock Down Argument Against the Existence of a Theistic God, by Tristan D. Vick



The Argument from Divine Hiddenness
Why It’s a Knock Down Argument Against the Existence of a Theistic God

As the Christian theologian Luigi Giussani so eloquently stated, “A human being faces reality using reason. Reason is what makes us human. Therefore, we must have a passion for reasonableness.” (Religious Sense, 1922) I couldn’t have put it better myself.

One of the things which theologians as well as nonbelievers agree on is that if God existed in reality, then it is by our capacity to reason by which we would be capable of detecting him, or it. Although there have been hundreds of arguments for the existence of God, some of the most familiar being the ontological argument, the cosmological argument, the teleological argument, and so on and so forth, it seems that the atheistic arguments against the existence of God are rarely ever given a fair shake. This is why I like the Problem of Divine Hiddenness, or the Argument from Non-Belief as it is also known. It’s a strong argument against the existence of a theistic God, and one which I think most believers ought to contend with if they truly want their beliefs to hold any meaning.

Anslem of Canturbury was one of the first theologians to grapple seriously with the Problem of Divine Hiddenness (PODH for short). As Anslem observed, we have never seen the physical presence of God. And if seeing is believing, then wouldn’t be nice if our doubts could be put to rest if only he made a simple appearance? After all, Jehovah did it for Moses, why not do it again for us?

In this essay, I will examine why I believe the Problem of Divine Hiddenness is a sturdy argument against the commonly held belief in the existence of the Christian God, why it complicates the general belief in a theistic God, and why it is a strong argument for atheists since it validates non-belief in most theistic God concepts.[1]

The Premise of the Problem from Divine Hiddennness
The idea behind the argument is this, if God would put our doubts to rest then there simply would never be any doubting Thomases, nonbelievers, or different religious faiths. All belief in God, including religious belief, would be universally the same since they would all be able to (independently) study the same God instead of different interpretations of various, often times diametrically opposed, God-concepts.

In his article on the Problem of Divine Hiddenness, Cristofer Nobel Urlaub offers the PODH in the form of a syllogism. This is a good way of framing it, so it’s worth repeating here.

1. If there is a God, he is perfectly loving.
2. If a perfectly loving God exists, reasonable non-belief does not occur.
3. Reasonable non-belief occurs.
4. No perfectly loving God exists (from 2 and 3).
5. Hence, there is no God (from 1 and 4).

He goes on to add:

“Not many theists would argue against the first premise. Many theists describe the God of the Bible as a personal God of unconditional love. In addition, no objective person would deny the existence of reasonable non-belief. Theists may not agree with atheists, but one must admit that some of their arguments are, at least, well thought out.”

I have to give Cristofer some much deserved credit, for he isn’t just beating around the bush, but he’s giving some serious thought to the issue. I hope to compel him to think perhaps a little more upon the subject before simply coming to any set conclusion.

The very existence of non-belief, and I would add contrary beliefs as well, all contradict the hypothesis that God is all-loving. Why? Because as Cristofer points out, “a perfectly loving God would want everyone to know he exists, in order to be saved, and would also have the power to bring about a situation in which everyone knew he existed.”

The question which arises is this: if there is a loving God, then why are there non-believers?

Not only atheists, mind you, but those who believe in different gods, goddesses, spirits, and supreme beings, or even new age magic? Why are there polytheists and pantheists for that matter? Why are their wiccans and Scinetologists? All forms of divergent-belief, or non-belief, in God signify that God has, in most cases, not made himself known to the majority of the human race.

It was Friedrich Nietzsche who once observed that “a god who is all-knowing and all-powerful and who does not even make sure his creatures understand his intentions—could that be a god of goodness?”

Indeed, this seems to be a direct consequence of PODH. God, if he exists, in all probability isn’t a loving being. Like Nietzsche pointed out, if God was indeed all-loving, then he must, by his very nature, be compelled not to sow confusion and doubt in the minds of others. Was it not St. Paul himself, who in the presence of the Spirit, proclaimed “God is not the author of confusion” (1 Corinthians 14:33)? Allowing for atheists is one form of confusion.

Allowing for those who profess belief in a DIFFERENT god is a type of confusion. It’s not only a confusion, but also it follows that variant belief systems create doubt as you have to ask which, if any, is the correct belief? Soon you have believers doubting themselves. Maybe I’m wrong? Maybe that guy over there is right? Or maybe that guy? Multiply this confusion by the number of different god beliefs there are, have been, or ever will be along with the number of non-believers which exist, and this creates one undeniably massive amount of confusion.

God, by his loving nature, however, would not want his creatures to be so confused that they stopped believing and worshipping him. Certainly not the Christian God, who invented Hell especially for those so confused, which, when you think about it, denotes an underlying malevolence (but I digress). Through love, God would be compelled to reveal himself to us in a way which would diminish all doubt. I am the ONE true God—and I love you—so I shall prove it! Tah-Dah! But, no. God does not make himself known to us in a way whereby we might share a universal experience of him. And this is a huge problem for theists.

If we could all see the elephant in the room there wouldn’t be different forms of God-belief. All peoples, all religions, would unanimously agree on the same God as we would have a common denominator of experience to relate back to, and therefore belief in God would be universal and the same. There wouldn’t be many variant, dissimilar, or divergent religions, no, there’d be just the one! If God were real, there’d be the ONE religion based on the ONE true God. Furthermore, there wouldn’t be non-believers, since, knowing the existence of God would be like knowing the existence of apples. We’d just accept it as something which existed beyond a reason of a doubt and move on. But the opposite seems to be the case. Non-believers exist, variances in God belief are so superfluous as to be ridiculous, and the only thing which is certain is nobody can be certain about anything when it comes to the existence of God. There is confusion. And this denotes a less than loving God or no God at all.

This is the crux of the Problem of Divine Hiddenness.

Related Considerations: God’s Properties Obscured
Now there are several considerations we could assume in light of the above realization that there does, apparently, seem to be confusion as to the existence of God and there does seem to be a rather problematic implication that God may not be all-loving.

These additional considerations are:

1) Either God is not all-loving because he authors confusion by not making himself known.
2) Or God is not all powerful as he continually fails to reveal himself to us.
3) Or God may be indifferent and indistinguishable from a naturalistic universe with no God.
4) Or finally, God is altogether non-existent.

Let us look at these considerations in more detail, shall we?

1) God is Clearly the Author of Confusion: Therefore Cannot be All-Loving
So why do people believe in different Gods? Why not the same God? Well, it seems it is because they are confused as to the truth of which God is the real God. Holy Wars have been fought over this. People have died! Would a loving God allow such atrocities?

If you believe in an all-loving God, then your answer would have to be: no. So why has God still not revealed himself in a way which would make himself perfectly known to all those who are afflicted with confusion and doubt as to his existence? Wouldn’t this resolve all the conflicts and turmoil generated over the question of his existence?

As Cristofer Noble correctly states, “This argument is similar to the problem of evil because it claims the idea of God is inconsistent with what we observe in the world. In fact, since ignorance of God would seem to be a natural evil, many say that the problem of divine hiddenness is an instance of the problem of evil.”

But like the Problem of Evil, the consequences are less than desirable for the theist. God is either malevolent, since he allows evil, or indifferent, because he allows evil, or non-existent.

The Philosopher Stephen Law has posited the Evil God Challenge to believers based on this precise revelation. He comes at it strictly from the problem of evil perspective, evil exists, and therefore evil God must be an equally valid assumption as good exists, therefor loving God. I’ll let you be the judge of whether his arguments are convincing.

2) God Continually Fails to Reveal Himself to Us Therefore Could Not be All-Powerful
Perhaps God is all-loving, and would like to reveal himself to all, but due to whatever limitation, simply cannot. Maybe God isn’t all-powerful.

Suddenly we have to re-evaluate what the theologians have said about the properties attributed to God. If an all-loving and all-powerful God existed, then the answer is yes, he would have the power to bring about a situation where everyone came to know him. It would simply be in his nature to do so, and having the capacity to do so, he would do so.

Not having done so, as is our observation, we have to ask which of the properties might be wrong? We’ve already considered option A, that God might not be all-loving, so that leaves us with options B and C. B being God might not be all-powerful.

So although God could very well be all-loving, he simply may not, as Cristofer says, “have the power to bring about a situation in which everyone knew he existed.”

3) God is Indifferent and thus Indistinguishable from a Naturalistic Universe
Actually, I should point out that most naturalistic arguments against the existence of God can often reduce themselves to the Problem of Evil or, at least, relate back to it. This is because in a naturalistic universe, the random and arbitrary amount of suffering looks indistinguishable from a universe governed by a malevolent and capricious God.

Another way of stating it would be: A universe created and governed by an evil God would contain more or less the exact same amount of suffering and evil as we already see, so whether the universe is created by a God or not, the very indifference of the universe could reflect the precise indifference of God.

This would mean that God is super-hidden, because we would have no way of discerning his acts from the natural world, and if this be the case, theology is a waste of time as nothing could ever be definitively known about God through his actions, or rather lack thereof.

4) God is Nonexistent
This one seems fairly straight forward. If God didn’t exist, we would still have all the same amount of confusion regarding him, but this confusion would be predicated on confused terminology, competing God concepts, and the untrustworthiness of human experience and our habitual capacity to continually be mistaken in these experiences. Meanwhile, the universe would behave naturally, and be indifferent in its actions, as it always has.

So the above four considerations all fall out of the Problem of Divine Hiddenness.

Addressing Some Counter Objections to the Problem of Divine Hiddenness
Some, like Alvin Plantinga, have postulated that we may simply not know, or understand, the reason for why God allows confusion, suffering, or evil. In other words, it may be beyond our comprehension.

This line or reasoning, however, pushes God dangerously to the edge of no longer being a Personal being. It is for the theist to tread dangerously close to deism only to salvage the belief in God because, well, the atheistic argument was just too good.

I don’t think I really need to attack such a position, because to me it seems to be a defensive one that is admitting that God is not exactly like we have imagined, therefore we throw our hands up in the air and say, oh well, we give up. We couldn’t possibly understand, so instead of demanding to *see proof of God, we’ll just accept it on faith that he is beyond our comprehension. But if so, how could we ever comprehend enough about God to supply a definition? On faith alone?

I’m sorry, but I find it a weak and defeatist position. So I don’t necessarily feel I should devote too much time trying to rebut it.

Another possibility for why God might stay hidden is that his deliberate attempt to demonstrate his own existence would impeach everyone’s free will, and if God has designed us with free will, he cannot contradict his own unimpeachable laws.

Actually, I find this rebuttal extremely unsatisfactory. If free will at all existed as theologians describe, then we would still have the free-choice to deny the existence of God in the face of overwhelming evidence.

It would make us willfully ignorant, sure, but this would be the basis of delusion. Once thing I do not think we can say is that all atheists and nonbelievers are delusional. After all, are they not the ones who are demanding to see the evidence? It seems to me, to truly embrace a delusion you would have to believe in something with unwavering conviction despite evidence to the contrary. And if this were true, then there wouldn’t be such a thing as a nonbeliever or atheist. So you see, the mere existence of atheists is a thorn in the theologian’s back-side!

There is a strange theological consideration dealing with accountability. Cristofer explains in detail:

“If the God of the Bible actually exists, and He made himself absolutely known to the entire world, then the entire world would then be held accountable for that knowledge. The idea that we are only accountable for knowledge we possess is shown in Jesus' saying to the Pharisees, in John 9:41, “... If ye were blind, ye should have no sin: but now ye say, We see; therefore your sin remaineth.”

“If the Biblical account is true, then the Christian God must be a reality. The infectivity of a personal appearance is then an indication that some people are prepared to accept this reality, and some, for whatever reason, are not. Those who are not able to accept this truth would then be subject to judgments that would not be just, or which could have been avoided if they had been allowed more time to prepare.”

Personally, I only see this as sort of a variant on God is not all-loving consideration, again. You see, the idea clearly entails that God would have to willfully dole out unjust deserts (judgments). A loving God could not do this, but a more sinister sort of God would have no such qualms. So I do not think presuming accountability is the reason God remains hidden nor is it adequate enough to resolve the issue, as it can once again point toward a less than loving God, and then we’d be back to one of the initial consequences of PODH.

So it seems we always come down to one of two assumptions. God is either not all-loving, or he doesn’t exist. One of the implications of PODH states that if God is not all-loving then he cannot be the God of Christianity. And this is true. But he could be a deistic entity and still exist. All it would mean is theologians are wrong about the nature of God. But still, the less confuddled scenario is that God doesn’t exist.

So the question then becomes, which of the two assumptions makes more sense?

Occam’s Razor suggests no God at all is the more probable of the two, and I tend to agree. Loving, or not, God concepts usually tend to be highly intricate. Ornate in their limitless possibilities, but very much unnecessary. It’s all fanciful imaginative decorations twinkling pretty, and although some people are attracted to such elaborate tinsel and trimmings, I tend to think that the truth, whatever it is, is rather more like the philosopher Wittgenstein proposed, namely that truth, in all its forms, is rather mundane. What could be more mundane than the answer simply being: there is no God?

Some Closing Thoughts
Our observations, based in the natural world, contradict God as he is claimed to exist, and that by far is the greatest indicator that we are dealing with a theoretical concept and not an actual tangible entity. I could be wrong, however, but as an atheist I am still waiting for something compelling, some argument or form of evidence, and so far, I haven’t come across anything which could overcome extremely strong objections to God, like verificationism, justification, empiricism, and the Problem of Divine Hiddenness.

In his concluding statement Cristofer’s states:

“So to those who wonder why a perfectly loving, personal God does not make Himself known to us, I say that He is, though perhaps not in the way we might expect.”

Having re-examined the Problem from Divine Hiddeness a bit more thoroughly, I do not think we can be at all that certain. It’s not out of the realm of possibility that God is working in mysterious ways in which his conveyances are subtle, often unnoticed, or not fully understood, but if so, what, I ask you, sort of God is this?

It’s certainly not like the God of classic Christian theology. A God which keeps you guessing till the very end has more in common, dare I say, with Eastern religions than Western ones. In which case, I would caution, maybe it is high time theists start looking outside of their local God-concepts, which has for centuries been trapped in the tight confines of their established theology, and perhaps start looking for other signs of God.

Once we have applied reason and scrutiny to other competing God-concepts, let reason discern which God among a pantheon of gods seems most plausible. I for one, think you’d be hard pressed to prove any of them.

Ultimately, if you should, like me, look elsewhere for answers but continue to see the same problem of divine hiddenness, well, maybe then the idea of a non-existent God won’t seem so controversial to you. Maybe, just maybe, it will start to make a lot more sense.

--Tristan Vick


[1] I frequently refer to God as a concept. This is because we live in a naturalistic universe which is governed by physical laws. Consequently, if there is no direct (tangible) or indirect (causal) evidence which can be measured and duplicated empirically by an objective third party, allowing God to be demonstrated as real, then in all likelihood we are dealing with a theoretical concept. It is alternatively called the God-hypothesis. In philosophy, anecdotal stories of experience, such as the personal witness of the Holy Spirit, are meaningless when it comes to proving the veracity of a belief proposition. Although I do not doubt the sincerity of most believers that claim they truly believe they have experienced the divine, there is a difference in the methodology of how one goes about formulating a belief and how one goes about demonstrating whether or not the basic assumptions of the belief are true. I am concerned primarily with systems which can demonstrate their claims, because if they cannot, then they are either merely theoretical or else false. As the God concept has not yet been fully demonstrated, we must overcome our religious biases and talk about God as a concept, something theoretically devised, but which may or may not really exist. To do what theists do and talk about God as real, without any rigorous demonstration, is to make a hasty generalization.
Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...